Fig. 5

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation by biguanides in MDBK cells. a Western blot against phospho-acetyl-coA carboxylase (p-ACC), phospho-AMPK-α (AMPK p-α), and AMPK-β. Cells were incubated for 18 h with biguanide concentrations equivalent to IC₅₀/10. b Quantification of western blot band intensities; the signals from p-ACC and AMPK p-α were normalized to the signals for AMPK-β, and then further normalized to the control values. Data show the mean of independent experiments ± standard error of the mean (n = 3). Individual data points for panel B are provided in Additional file 1. phenf. phenformin, prog. proguanil