Morphological and Transcriptomic Analysis of a Beetle Chemosensory System Reveals a Gnathal Olfactory Center

Table 1 Comparison of main components of the olfactory system of different insect model organisms

Species	Chemo-receptive sensilla (per antenna)	CSNs (per antenna)	IRs (genes)	GRs (genes)	ORs (genes)	AL glomeruli (per AL)	KCs (per MB)
T. castaneum	154	720	23¹	220²	341³	70⁴ – 90	2 700
D. melanogaster	530⁵	1 200^5, 6	66¹	73⁷	62⁸	43⁶ – 54⁹	2 500¹⁰
An. gambiae	714 f^11a	1 500 – 1600 f^11a	46¹	60⁷	79⁸	60 f¹⁴	n/a
An. gambiae	738 f¹²	1 500 – 1600 f^11a	46¹	60⁷	76¹³	61 m¹⁴	n/a
Ae. aegypti	928 f¹⁵	1946 f¹⁵	95¹	79¹⁶	131¹⁷	50 f¹⁸	n/a
Ae. aegypti	928 f¹⁵	1946 f¹⁵	95¹	79¹⁶	131¹⁷	49 m¹⁸	n/a
Bombyx mori	>24 500 m^19a	50 000 m^19a	18¹	56⁷	48⁷	55 – 60¹⁹	n/a
Bombyx mori	>21 000 f^19a	30 000 f^19a	18¹	56⁷	48⁷	55 – 60¹⁹	n/a
M. sexta	190 000 m²⁰	255 000 –	21²²	45²²	71²²	63²³	n/a
		450 000 m^21a, 20
		169 000 f^21a
A. mellifera (worker)	5 000 – 5 100²⁴	60 000^25a	10¹	53⁷	163⁸	156 –166²⁶	170 000²⁷ – 184 000²⁸
A. mellifera (worker)	5 000 – 5 100²⁴	63 700²⁴	10¹	53⁷	163⁸	156 –166²⁶	170 000²⁷ – 184 000²⁸
Periplaneta americana	65 500 m²⁹	241 000 m²⁹	n/a	n/a	n/a	125 f²⁹	175 000³⁰
Periplaneta americana	65 500 m²⁹	241 000 m²⁹	n/a	n/a	n/a	126 m²⁹	175 000³⁰
Locusts	Lmig 4 700³¹	50 000^32a	Lmig 11⁷	Lmig 75⁷	Lmig 95⁷	Sgre 1 000³²	Sgre 50 000³²
Locusts	Lmig 4 700³¹	50 000^32a	Lmig 11⁷	Lmig 75⁷	Lmig 95⁷	Sgre 2 500 – 3 000³³	Sgre 50 000³²

AL antennal lobe, CSN chemosensory neuron, f female, GR gustatory receptor, IR ionotropic glutamate-like receptor, KC Kenyon cells, Lmig Locusta migratoria, m male, n/a not available, OR odorant receptors, Sgre Schistocerca gregaria
^aOlfactory sensory neurons/sensilla (otherwise chemosensory neurons/sensilla).
¹Croset et al. 2010 [114], ²Richards et al. 2008 [81], ³Engsontia et al. 2008 [115], ⁴Dreyer 2010 [200], ⁵Stocker 2001 [59], ⁶Vosshall and Stocker 2007 [137], ⁷Wang et al. 2014b [223], ⁸Sánchez-Gracia et al. 2001 [25], ⁹Grabe et al. 2015 [224], ¹⁰Hinke 1961 [225], ¹¹Qiu et al. 2006 [226], ¹²Pitts and Zwiebel 2006 [227], ¹³Pitts et al. 2011 [128], ¹⁴Ghaninia et al. 2007 [160], ¹⁵McIver 1978 [228], ¹⁶Kent et al 2008 [229], ¹⁷Bohbot et al. 2007 [165], ¹⁸Ignell et al. 2005 [162], ¹⁹Koontz and Schneider 1987 [230], ²⁰Lee and Strausfeld 1990 [231], ²¹Homberg et al. 1989 [232], ²²Kanost et al. 2016 [233]^{, 23}Rospars and Hildebrand 2000 [234], ²⁴Esslen and Kaissling 1976 [235], ²⁵Frasnelli et al. 2010 [236], ²⁶Galizia et al. 1999 [237], ²⁷Mobbs 1982 [238], ²⁸Strausfeld 2002 [239], ²⁹Boeckh and Ernst 1987 [240], ³⁰Neder 1957 [241], ³¹Greenwood and Chapman 1984 [242], ³²Laurent and Naraghi 1994 [243], ³³Schachtner et al. 2005 [57]

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