Fig. 5

Effects of density-dependence on Wolbachia dynamics are enhanced when field-released mosquitoes experience fitness disadvantages. a The minimum release ratio. b The time to Wolbachia establishment. Released mosquitoes are susceptible to insecticides (c _SS  = 0.8). Lines show different disadvantages experienced by heterozygotes, f _SR =0 (blue), 0.5 (green) and 1 (red). c, d The size of the uninfected adult population relative to its value at equilibrium (black lines), the frequency of Wolbachia (red lines), and the frequency of the homozygote resistant genotype in infected mosquitoes (blue lines) over time. The grey shaded area shows the time period during which releases occur. Heterozygotes are fully susceptible to insecticides (f _SR =1). c Competition in the field population is intense (C _L ^* = 1); d Competition in the field population is low (C _L ^* = 0.018)