Table 1 Examples of synchrotron and XFEL sources for serial crystallography methods

Beamline

I04

I24

VMXi

Eu.XFEL

LCLS-II

SACLA

SwissFEL

PAL XFEL

Photons/time

5 × 10¹¹

(s⁻¹)

3 × 10¹²

(s^− 1)

> 10^{14 a}

(s^− 1)

~ 10¹²

(pulse^− 1)

≥ 10¹²

(pulse^− 1)

2 × 10¹¹

(pulse^− 1)

~ 7 × 10¹¹

(pulse^− 1)

2 × 10¹¹

(pulse^− 1)

Beam size (μm²)

~ 10 × 5

~ 5 × 5

≤ 5 × 5

< 1–10 × 10

< 1–3 × 3

1.3 × 1.3

< 3 × 3

< 3 × 3

Detector/pulse (Hz)

25–100 (750) ^b

25–100

750 ^b

27,000 ^c

120– 10 ^{6 d}

60

100

60