The microbiome of the upper respiratory tract in health and disease

Table 1 Summary of significant URT microbiome changes due to active and passive cigarette smoking

Study	Population	Sample site	Actinobacteria	Bacteroidetes	Firmicutes	Proteobacteria
Charlson et al. 2010 [87]	Adult	Nasopharynx	↓Actinomycetaceae ↓Corynebacteriaceae ↓Coriobacteriaceae ↑Eggerthella	↓Flexibacteriaceae ↓Flavobacteriaceae ↑Porphyromonadaceae	↓Leuconostocaceae ↑Erysipelotrichaceae ↑Aerococcaceae ↑Eubacteriaceae ↑Incertae Sedis XIII ↑Peptostreptococcaceae ↑Ruminococcaceae ↑Lachnospiraceae I.S. spp. ↑Anaerovorax ↑Dorea ↑Erysipelotrichaceae I.S. ↑Eubacterium spp. ↑Abiotrophia spp.	↓Rhodocyclaceae ↓Rhodobacteraceae ↓Enterobacteriaceae ↓Alcaligenaceae ↓Methylophilacea ↓Shigella spp. ↑Pasteurellaceae ↑Haemophilus spp.
Brook and Gober 2005 [117]	Adult	Nasopharynx			↑Streptococcus pneumoniae ↑Streptococcus pyogenes	↑H. influenzae ↑M. catarrhalis
Greenberg et al. 2006 [118]	Infants	Nasopharynx			↑Streptococcus pneumoniae
Sapkota et al. 2009 [119]	Not applicable	Cigarettes			*Bacillus* *Clostridium* Enterococcus Staphylococcus	*Acinetobacter* *Burkholderia* *Klebsiella* *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* *Serratia* Campylobacter Proteus

Several different microbial signatures of the phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria have been found to be altered in humans exposed to cigarette smoke. Arrows indicate an increase (↑) or decrease (↓) in relative abundance in smokers compared to non-smoking subjects. Signatures of Bold microbial genera were found to be present in more than 90% of all cigarette samples (Additional file 1)

ISSN: 1741-7007