Fig. 4

Putative insecticide resistance genes in An. stephensi. a Proportion of various candidate insecticide resistance genes that are either fragmented or missing repetitive regions in the draft An. stephensi assembly. b An array of tandemly located Cyp450 genes that include Cyp6a14, a candidate gene for DDT resistance in D. melanogaster [54]. In the earlier assembly, this cluster was broken into three sequences, undermining investigation of the functional effects of these genes. Most genes show female-biased expression. c A polymorphic AST378 LTR fragment insertion is segregating inside the Cyp450 array shown in B, suggesting the presence of more than one SV allele in this genomic region. d Tandemly located Esterase B1 genes show different sex-biased expression patterns. EstB1a do not show any strong bias towards either sex, whereas EstB1b shows male-biased expression. EstB1 amplification causes organophosphate resistance in Culex. The EstB1a and EstB1b sequences were broken into five pieces in the earlier An. stephensi assembly