Table 1 Tissue-specific stressors of plasma membrane integrity

Lung

Mechanical

Ventilation

Ventilator-induced lung injury

[199]

Chemical

Tobacco

COPD

[200, 201]

Asbestos

Asbestosis

[202, 203]

Microbial

Pore-forming toxin

Bacterial pneumonia

[204,205,206]

Oral cavity

Mechanical

Tooth movement, brushing

–

[207, 208]

Chemical

Tooth whitening agents

Tobacco

--

Oral lesions

[209]

[210, 211]

Esophagus

Chemical

Gastric acid

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

[212]

Intracellular

ROS

[213]

Stomach

Chemical

Gastric acid, NSAIDs, alcohol

Peptic ulcers, gastritis

[23, 214]

Microbial

Pore-forming toxin, cholesterol transferase

Helicobacter pylori infection

[215]

Intestine

Chemical

Dietary lectins, iron

–

[216, 217]

NSAIDs, bile

Ulcers

[69]

Microbial

Pore-forming toxin

Food-borne illness, IBD

[13, 182]

Intracellular

Oxidative stress

Necrotizing enterocolitis, IBD

[19, 218]

Skin

Mechanical

Locomotion

–

[2]

Pruritus (itch)

Inflammatory skin diseases

[219]

Chemical

Ultraviolet A radiation

–

[220]

Microbial

Pore-forming toxin

Atopic dermatitis

[221]

Vasculature

Mechanical

Cardiac output

–

[197]

Chemical

AGEs

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes

[222, 223]

β-amyloid

Alzheimer’s disease

[224]

Immune

Complement

Von Willebrand disease

[225]

Microbial

Pore-forming toxin

Sepsis

[226]

Bone

Mechanical

Physical loading

–

[26, 179]

Liver

Chemical

Drugs, alcohol, lipid accumulation

Acute liver failure, alcoholic liver disease, NAFLD

[227]

Bile acids

Cholestasis, familial intrahepatic cholestasis

[228, 322]

Microbial

Pore-forming toxin

Listeriosis

[70]

Pancreas

Mechanical

Amylin

Type 2 diabetes

[229]

Intracellular

Zymogen activation

Acute pancreatitis

[230]

Nervous system

Mechanical, Chemical

Protein aggregates

Neurodegenerative diseases

[231]

Chemical

I/R injury

Stroke

[232]

Immune

Oxidative stress

Multiple sclerosis, AE

[27, 233]

Kidney

Chemical

I/R injury, nephrotoxins

Acute kidney injury

[234]

Muscle

Mechanical

Eccentric contraction

Muscular dystrophies, Niemann-Pick type A/B disease

[11, 235]

Chemical

I/R injury

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

[236]

AGEs

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes

[237]

Cardiotoxin

Snakebite

[21]

Heart

Mechanical

Cardiac output

Cardiomyopathies

[238]

Microbial

Viral protease

Viral myocarditis

[239]