Fig. 2

Phylogenetic and comparative genomic analysis of G. flavifemur. a The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree built from 2992 concatenated single-copy orthologous groups from G. flavifemur and other 12 hymenopterans using IQ-TREE. The basal hymenopteran A. rosae was used as an outgroup. All nodes received 100% bootstrap support. The expansion numbers of gene families (orange) and contraction (blue) are shown on the branches. b Bar plots show total number of nucleotides occupied by genomic components. c Total gene counts of different types of orthologous groups in each genome. “1:1:1” indicates universal single-copy genes present in all species, absence and/or duplicated in, at most, one genome is included; “N:N:N” indicates other universal genes; “Aculeata specific OGs” indicates common unique genes in the six Aculeata species. “Species-specific OGs” represents species-specific genes with more than one copy in the genome. “Unsigned genes” indicates species-specific genes with only one copy in the genome. “Others” indicates the remaining genes. d, e The contribution of coding DNA sequence and TEs to genome size evolution across Hymenoptera. Lines correspond to linear regressions; shadows correspond to the 95% confidence intervals around the mean predictions