Fig. 7

Opsin genes in G. flavifemur. a Opsin genes in the 12 hymenopteran insects. Bubble plot indicating the gene count of each opsin gene. Blue, short wavelength-sensitive opsin; UV, ultraviolet-sensitive opsin; LWS, long-wavelength-sensitive opsin. b Differential gene expression of opsin genes between female adult and male adult in three parasitoid wasps. The Blue-opsin, UV-opsin and LWS1-opsin in the three wasps are male-biased genes, with 1.89–4.02-fold higher expression in the males than in the females (q < 0.05). The LWS2-opsin of G. flavifemur was 86.86-fold higher male-biased expressed (q = 9.72e−106). The LWS2-opsin of P. puparum was 2.89 higher expressed in the males (q = 2.24e−06). However, the LWS2-opsin of N. vitripennis did not show any sex-biased expression pattern (q = 0.305). Gfla, G. flavifemur; Nvit, N. vitripennis; Ppup, P. puparum