From: Immune mechanisms of protection: can adjuvants rise to the challenge?
Adjuvant | Composition | Adjuvant activity | Mechanism of adjuvant action | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aluminum salts | AlOH or AlPO4 non-crystalline gels | Antibody and TH2 cells | ↑ Chemokine/cytokine production; ↑ recruitment of monocytes and differentiation to DC; ↑ antigen uptake by DC | |
MF59 | Oil (squalene)-in-water emulsion | ↑ Ab titre; ↑ Ab cross-reactivity; drives TH2 cells | ↑ Chemokine/cytokine production; recruitment of myeloid DCs to injection site; ↑ antigen uptake by DCs | |
TLR ligands | MPL, GpG, imiquimod, resiquimod (both imidazoquinolinamines) or poly(I:C) | Drives TH1 and CTL cells; ↑ T cell memory | TLR signaling in DCs promotes antigen presentation on MHC I and MHC II, enhanced migration of DCs to lymph nodes and DCs cytokine production; may have direct impacts on lymphocytes | [111] |
QS21 | Purified fraction of Quil A that has lower toxicity and retains adjuvant effects | Antibody, TH1 and CTL responses | Enhances protective responses through poorly understood mechanisms; has lytic capacity and local reactogenicity | [97] |