Fig. 1

The global study design. Gray boxes represent four distinct studies conducted in rumen epithelial primary cells (REPC) before and after (24 h) butyrate treatment (experiment 1), in rumen tissues before and after weaning (experiment 2), in rumen tissues before and after butyrate treatment (experiment 3), and in Madin-Darby bovine kidney epithelial cells (MDBK) before and after butyrate treatment (experiment 4), respectively. Orange boxes illustrate epigenomic marks generated in each condition per study. Green boxes describe genome-wide data sets used for functional annotation for 15 chromatin states defined in REPC. Pink boxes outline butyrate-induced variations identified in chromatin states, gene expression, and DNA methylation, as well as their potentially affected traits and tissues. Dashed lines denote validation steps we used for findings in REPC by using results generated in experiments 2, 3, and 4. The numbers in the square brackets are the number of assays generated in the current study