Fig. 4

Cellular GFP (ATP) dynamics in response to rate-limiting nutrients using our ATP-dependent reporter. a–c Cellular GFP dynamics (a), bacterial growth (b), and total-population-level GFP dynamics (c), in response to different amounts of glucose (0–15 mM) in minimal medium. As in Fig. 2, the cellular GFP serves as a good proxy for cellular ATP and helps us monitor it in real time. d–f Cellular GFP dynamics (d), bacterial growth (e), and total-population-level GFP dynamics (f) in response to different amounts of phosphate (0.05–1.5 mM) in rich medium. Each data point represents the mean of four independent biological replicates with standard deviation < 15% of the mean. Bacteria were grown in black 96-well plates. GFP (ex485/em528) and OD600 were measured by a microplate reader. Cellular GFP is defined as the total GFP divided by OD