Fig. 5

Day and night sleeping durations and swimming distances were not altered by ketogenic diet (KD) feeding. A Sleep duration (min/h) during the day (left) and night (right). During 5 weeks of growth, the sleep duration decreased in both surface fish and cavefish regardless of the diet (particularly during night). The linear mixed-effect model followed by post hoc Holm’s correction was applied for the statistical tests. B Average sleep bout duration (min/10 min bin) during the day (left) and night (right). During 5 weeks of growth, the sleep bout duration was lower in surface fish under both dietary conditions and in KD-fed cavefish (night). The linear mixed-effect model followed by post hoc Holm’s correction was applied for the statistical tests. C Swimming distance during the day (left) and night (right). Cavefish fed the control diet (CD) exhibited a longer swimming distance during the day and night. Conversely, both surface fish fed either diet and cavefish fed the KD exhibited a significantly increased swimming distance only at night. The linear mixed-effect model followed by post hoc Holm’s correction was applied for the statistical tests. Bars represent the data mean and whiskers represent ± standard error of the mean. Dots indicate individual data. Surface fish: N = 28 for CD, N = 32 for KD. Cavefish: N = 28 for CD, N = 32 for KD. *: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01, ***: P < 0.001. All detailed statistical data are available in Additional file 3