Fig. 6

Chromosomal evolution in mosquitoes. A The estimated maximum likelihood molecular phylogeny of mosquitos. D. melanogaster was used as the outgroup species. The scale indices the divergence time in million years. B The reshuffling of the chromosome elements in the mosquito karyotypes. Chromosomal elements are indicated by different colors according to previously published nomenclature for the Anopheles species [33]. Chromosomes and chromosomal arms are shown by number 1, 2, 3, and letters p (short) and q (long), respectively. The lengths of the element are shown in proportions of the real chromosome length measurements [29, 66, 67]. C The pericentric inversion in the chromosome 1 between Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti. Nix, and myo-sex are genes described in the M locus of Ae. aegypti [21]. Myo-M is a new gene identified in Cx. quinquefasciatus genome. D Chromosomal syntheny plots between An. coluzii and Cx. quinquefasciatus species based on the single-copy orthologs. Each line represents a single gene ortholog. Lines are colored according to the chromosome elements. E Chromosomal syntheny plots between Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus species based on the single-copy orthologs. F The average rate of the rearrangements between the chromosome elements. First three charts show the rates of rearrangements between different mosquito species and the common ancestor. The last chart shows the rate of rearrangements between Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti. Rates are measured as breaks between syntenic blocks per Mb per million years (MYA)